v5.0.0: protocol v5 and the browser frontend

Protocol v5 replaces newline lines with bounded [u32 len][text] frames and REQ/RES/EVT envelopes. Requests carry correlation ids and the server replays the last 256 replies per connection, so a gateway retry cannot double-debit and a late reply cannot clobber a newer request. HELLO/PONG carry server time; crash rounds announce started_at and push coalesced 10 Hz ticks. Crash now commits sha256(seed) before a round and reveals the seed when it ends, so clients recompute the crash point.

Adds the webd/ gateway: one blocking thread, one ClientCore and one pinned upstream TLS connection per session, an HttpOnly session cookie, takeover, and a 60-second grace window. The browser sends Command JSON and renders View JSON; it never speaks the game protocol or stores credentials.

Adds the vanilla TypeScript browser app at /play/ (login, lobby, all four games, history, notices, crash verification), the nginx /play and /ws routes, and the headless DOM smoke test. webd and the app stay out of the TUI/GUI/server build graph.

The client/server version moves to 5.0.0 in lockstep; v4 peers are refused at HELLO.

7 files changed, 552 insertions, 11 deletions

diff --git a/docs/GUI-PLAN.md b/docs/GUI-PLAN.md
index c0370a0..95ec922 100644
--- a/docs/GUI-PLAN.md
+++ b/docs/GUI-PLAN.md
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ Decisions and rationale live in `docs/adr/0001-gui-frontend-architecture.md` and
 
 ## Non-goals
 
-Audio, 3D, macOS, auto-update, a browser client, and pixel-golden tests in CI.
+Audio, 3D, macOS, auto-update, a webview inside the desktop app, and
+pixel-golden tests in CI. A separate browser frontend is no longer a non-goal:
+it shipped in v5.0.0 through the `webd/` gateway, planned in
+`docs/WEB-PLAN.md`.
 
 ## Phase 0 — version handshake (v4.0.0)
 
diff --git a/docs/PROTOCOL-IDEAS.md b/docs/PROTOCOL-IDEAS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3991a84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PROTOCOL-IDEAS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Server ↔ client transport ideas
+
+Status: design notes, written 2026-11-08. Items 1–5 were adopted (with the
+differences recorded in `docs/adr/0004-protocol-v5.md`): correlation ids,
+per-connection idempotency, clock sync + ticks, commit–reveal crash, and
+length-prefixed framing. Items 6–7 remain future work.
+
+These came out of reviewing zagan-bet's transport, but they were prompted by a
+*different* app. Nothing here is a backlog item for this repository. The
+zagan-bet paths are included because that is where the patterns were worked
+out; treat the ideas as portable.
+
+zagan-bet's current shape, for context:
+
+- TLS with TOFU over the certificate's SPKI fingerprint, trust decision after
+  the handshake and before credentials (`src/client/transport.rs`,
+  `src/tofu.rs`).
+- Newline-delimited text lines over the TLS stream (`src/protocol.rs`).
+- `HELLO MAJOR.MINOR` lockstep before auth (`src/version.rs`).
+- Request/reply plus exactly one server-initiated line, `CRASH_BUSTED`
+  (`src/bin/server/handler.rs`, `ServerCore::poll`).
+- `ClientCore` is I/O-free; frontends send `Command` and render `View`
+  (`src/client/core.rs`). The GUI owns the stream in `gui/src/net.rs`.
+
+Each idea below lists the wire shape, where it would attach, and the cost.
+
+## 1. Correlation IDs, so a single `Pending` can go away
+
+One request in flight, and pushes distinguished by string prefix
+(`expects_push`, `CRASH_BUSTED`, `src/client/core.rs:622`). A late reply can
+race a pushed bust; the code already has a special case for it
+(`src/client/core.rs:211`). An envelope removes the whole class:
+
+```
+REQ 42 idem=f3a1... INFO
+RES 42 OK balance=1200 account=...
+EVT seq=913 crash.tick {"session_id":"...","server_ms":837412,"multiplier":1.42}
+```
+
+`REQ`/`RES` correlate by id; `EVT` is connection-scoped and never answers
+anything. The core keeps a map of in-flight requests instead of one `Option`,
+and "a stale reply must not clobber the result" becomes a generic rule rather
+than a crash-specific branch. Also allows pipelining, e.g. clock probes while a
+`HISTORY` is in flight, without app-layer head-of-line stalls. Keep line
+framing for now; just prepend tokens.
+
+## 2. Idempotency keys on every balance mutation
+
+A request can be applied server-side and the reply lost. Today that is safe
+only because nothing retries automatically; the moment a client retries or
+resumes, it can double-debit.
+
+```
+REQ 43 idem=9c2e... PLAY_START crash 50
+```
+
+Server keeps `seen_requests (idem PRIMARY KEY, user, reply, created_at)`. The
+replay check, the debit, and the row insert sit in the same transaction as the
+existing reservation (`database::reserve_play`). A duplicate returns the stored
+reply and never re-executes. TTL-sweep at startup next to
+`recover_orphaned_reservations`. Scope by user, not connection, so a resumed
+session cannot replay someone else's key.
+
+## 3. Clock sync and a real tick stream
+
+zagan-bet advances timed games on read timeouts (`POLL_INTERVAL`,
+`src/bin/server/handler.rs:7`) and the client draws crash locally from an
+`Instant`. Payouts are correctly server-clock authoritative, but the client
+does not know its offset. Two parts:
+
+**Clock sync**, Cristian/NTP style over the existing connection:
+
+```
+REQ 7 idem=... TIME t0=837412
+RES 7 OK t0=837412 t1=837498     # t1 = server monotonic ms
+```
+
+`offset = t1 - (t0 + t2) / 2`; keep the minimum-RTT sample over a sliding
+window. Render timed games from `server_now`.
+
+**Ticks** at 10–20 Hz, monotonic `seq`, no reply semantics:
+
+```
+EVT seq=914 crash.tick {"session_id":"...","server_ms":837520,"multiplier":1.44}
+```
+
+Coalesce in the writer: replace an unqueued tick, never drop a settlement.
+That also enables lag compensation — render at `server_now - presentation_delay`
+(e.g. 150 ms) so the displayed number never exceeds what the server accepts at
+the moment of a click. A cleaner fairness story than trusting the client clock.
+
+## 4. Commit–reveal instead of a hidden `Option<f64>`
+
+zagan-bet already withholds the crash point (`CrashState::crash_point`,
+`src/crash.rs`). Make it verifiable:
+
+```
+RES 51 OK COMMIT 7f3a... 4b9c...   # sha256(server_seed), round id
+...round runs...
+EVT seq=980 crash.busted {"seed":"<server_seed>","crash_point":2.37,...}
+```
+
+Player supplies a client seed; the server echoes it. Crash point derives from
+`HMAC-SHA256(server_seed, client_seed)` → 52 bits → `[0, 1)` → the existing
+`crash_point_from_uniform`. Verification is a pure function and belongs in a
+unit test, not a network test. A hash chain lets the server pre-commit every
+future round at session start; that is stronger than needed in most cases.
+
+## 5. Framing: length prefix, then maybe QUIC
+
+Weaknesses in newline framing:
+
+- `LineBuffer` grows without bound; a client that never sends `\n` is a memory
+  DoS. Reject oversized frames *before* allocating.
+- `from_utf8_lossy` silently rewrites corrupt input. Newline framing is only
+  safe while `serde_json` keeps escaping newlines — an implicit dependency.
+
+```
+[u32 LE len][u8 proto_version][u8 kind][payload]
+```
+
+This allows a move to `postcard`/CBOR later without touching the read loop.
+The larger swing is QUIC (`quinn`): separate streams so a slow `HISTORY`
+cannot block ticks, 0-RTT resumption, connection migration for NAT rebinds
+mid-round, and unreliable datagrams for ticks where latest-wins beats
+retransmission. zagan-bet already uses rustls on the client, so this would also
+drop OpenSSL from the server build. Cost: UDP reachability, TLS 1.3 only, a
+rustls bump.
+
+## 6. Resume tokens and a blocking reader thread
+
+`AUTH` returns an opaque HMAC-signed resume token plus a session id;
+`RESUME <token> since=<seq>` replays missed `EVT`s from a bounded per-session
+buffer. Turns disconnect from "forfeit everything" into a policy choice; a
+server-clocked round is trivially resumable. In zagan-bet this contradicts the
+AGENTS rule that disconnect = forfeit, so it would need an explicit carve-out
+and a grace window.
+
+Separately, both ends poll with timers: the server's 50 ms read timeout, and
+the GUI flipping `SO_RCVTIMEO` to 1 ms every 8 ms in
+`TlsStream::read_available_line`. A dedicated blocking reader thread feeding an
+`mpsc` removes the per-call timeout mutation, `expects_push`, and
+`POLL_INTERVAL`; the handler becomes a `select` over inbound lines, a tick
+deadline, and shutdown. Still no async runtime.
+
+## 7. Small ones worth batching
+
+- `HELLO 5.0 caps=idem,tick,commit` with server-side intersection instead of
+  strict MAJOR.MINOR lockstep for additive changes. Keep MAJOR for framing.
+- Structured errors: `ERR code=INSUFFICIENT_FUNDS retryable=0 msg=...` so the
+  frontend can tell "reconnect" from "show text".
+- `set_nodelay(true)` plus an app-level `PING` deadline; a half-open TCP
+  connection is otherwise noticed only on the next write.
+- Per-connection token-bucket rate limiting. Every inbound line is logged, so a
+  chatty client is also a log-flood/disk problem.
+- A protocol fuzzer (`proptest`/`cargo-fuzz`) asserting the server never panics
+  and `balance >= 0` for arbitrary input, plus transcript-replay tests.
+
+## If only three
+
+1. Correlation IDs + idempotency keys — small, kills two bug classes.
+2. Clock sync + coalesced ticks — turns a special-case push into a generic
+   event channel.
+3. Commit–reveal — cheap, and the strongest fairness story for a betting
+   server.
+
+The envelope plus idempotency is the least invasive pair: it touches
+`src/protocol.rs`, `ServerCore::handle_message`, and
+`ClientCore::handle_reply`, and can sit behind a `caps=` flag so version
+lockstep stays intact.
diff --git a/docs/TESTING.md b/docs/TESTING.md
index 09ceb82..fbd510b 100644
--- a/docs/TESTING.md
+++ b/docs/TESTING.md
@@ -210,9 +210,9 @@ terminal client; a saved login from one signs in the other.
 
 1. `play crash` shows the ready board with a 1.00x multiplier; Space starts and
    reserves the bet.
-2. The multiplier rises smoothly with no network traffic. Cash out with C and
-   confirm the board shows the cashout multiplier, the payout and the new
-   balance.
+2. The multiplier rises smoothly from the server-clock anchor and is refreshed
+   by 10 Hz ticks. Cash out with C and confirm the board shows the cashout
+   multiplier, the payout and the new balance.
 3. On another round, press nothing. The board must switch to `CRASHED at Xx`
    by itself when the crash point is reached, and the bet must be lost.
 4. Press C just as a round crashes. Either it pays or the crashed result wins;
@@ -220,8 +220,11 @@ terminal client; a saved login from one signs in the other.
 5. Q during a live round forfeits the bet; Q when idle just leaves.
 6. Check the audit rows: one per round, `game_type = crash`, the reserved bet,
    the payout, and `crash_point`/`multiplier`/`result` in `details`.
-7. Confirm the crash point is absent from the `CRASH_START` line (it must only
-   appear once the round is over).
+7. Confirm the crash point and seed are absent from the `CRASH_START` message;
+   only `commit` and `started_at` appear. When the round ends, `seed` appears
+   and `sha256(seed) == commit`; recompute the crash point from the seed.
+8. Confirm `CRASH_BUSTED` is an `EVT`, not a `RES`, and that a second poll
+   produces no repeated settlement.
 
 ## Manual restart check
 
@@ -237,7 +240,7 @@ terminal client; a saved login from one signs in the other.
 
 1. Connect a client and server from the same release: the client connects and
    the server log shows the `HELLO` exchange.
-2. Connect a 4.x client to a 3.x server (or the reverse): the client must print
+2. Connect a 5.x client to a 4.x server (or the reverse): the client must print
    `Version mismatch: client ..., server ...` and never reach the login prompt.
 3. With a deliberately skew-built server (PATCH differs) the connection is
    accepted and, when the server's version is newer, the client prints
@@ -269,9 +272,11 @@ terminal client; a saved login from one signs in the other.
 
 ## Packaging checklist
 
-1. Set the version in `Cargo.toml` and `gui/Cargo.toml` (same MAJOR.MINOR),
-   run `cargo test --workspace`, and commit. `publish.sh` refuses a dirty tree
-   because the site links the committed git history as the GPL source.
+1. Set the version in `Cargo.toml`, `gui/Cargo.toml` and `webd/Cargo.toml`
+   (same MAJOR.MINOR), run `cargo test --workspace`, build the browser app
+   (`cd web/play && npm ci && npm run build`), and commit. `publish.sh` refuses
+   a dirty tree because the site links the committed git history as the GPL
+   source.
 2. `./scripts/publish.sh` (add `DEST=` to stage elsewhere). It builds the GUI
    with `gui-release` and the terminal clients and servers. The installers are
    stable site files and are not regenerated.
@@ -284,4 +289,33 @@ terminal client; a saved login from one signs in the other.
    menu entry. It must install the newest version even when an older app sits
    next to it, and refuse a corrupted download.
 5. Repeat on Windows for the `.ps1` installer and the Start-menu shortcut.
+6. Start `webd` against the staging server with a pinned fingerprint and open
+   `/play/` through nginx. Run the manual web checklist below.
+
+## Manual web checklist
+
+1. Open `/play/` in a fresh browser. The auth card must appear; the top bar
+   must not claim a balance until login.
+2. Register, then log in with the password. The lobby must show 1 000 Kr and
+   every game. Refresh the page; the session cookie must reattach and the
+   balance must survive (within `ZAGAN_GRACE_SECONDS`).
+3. Open the same URL in a second tab. The first tab must show "Opened in
+   another tab" and stop reconnecting; the second must continue.
+4. Slots: spin and watch the reels settle on the server result; check the
+   payout and balance. Roulette: place straight, dozen, column and outside
+   chips, right-click one back, clear, spin, and confirm the result.
+5. Blackjack: deal, hit/stand/double, then deal again; forfeiting must warn
+   and lose the reserved bet.
+6. Crash: start a round, watch the curve and ticks, cash out; on another
+   round let it bust. Confirm the reveal line shows `sha256(seed) == commit`
+   and the recomputed crash point matches.
+7. Refresh in the middle of a live crash round. The current view must return
+   with the same `commit` and a rising multiplier; the round must still settle.
+8. Close the tab mid-round and wait past the grace window. The next visit must
+   log in again, and the server must have forfeited the round.
+9. Stop the gateway. The browser must show the reconnect overlay, then recover
+   when `webd` returns. Stop it for longer than the grace window: the round is
+   forfeited and a login is required.
+10. Check the browser console: no credential is stored, the cookie is HttpOnly,
+    and the only network target is `/ws`.
 
diff --git a/docs/WEB-PLAN.md b/docs/WEB-PLAN.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..895687b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/WEB-PLAN.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# Browser frontend plan
+
+Status: v1 implemented in 5.0.0. This is the working plan and the deployment
+contract; see `CONTEXT.md` and ADRs 0003/0004 for the decisions.
+
+## Shape
+
+```
+browser ──wss──> nginx ──ws──> webd ──TLS──> game server
+  /play/          /ws          127.0.0.1:8890   127.0.0.1:11525
+  static files    gateway      one thread per    authoritative rules,
+                               browser session  balances, crash clock
+```
+
+- `web/play/` is a static TypeScript app. It sends `Command` JSON and renders
+  `View` JSON. It has no rules and no wire parser.
+- `webd/` is a workspace member. It owns one `ClientCore`, one upstream TLS
+  connection and a 60-second grace window per browser session.
+- `src/protocol.rs` is v5: bounded frames, `REQ`/`RES`/`EVT`, request ids,
+  server time and crash commit–reveal.
+
+## Phases
+
+1. **Protocol v5** — frames, envelope, correlation, replay cache, clock sync,
+   ticks, commit–reveal, TUI/GUI updates. Done in the 5.0.0 change.
+2. **Gateway** — WS accept, cookie session registry, takeover, grace, pinned
+   upstream, `Command`/`View` JSON. Done in the 5.0.0 change.
+3. **Web shell** — login/register, lobby, history, notices, route at `/play/`.
+   Done in the 5.0.0 change.
+4. **Games** — slots, roulette (felt + chips), blackjack, crash (curve +
+   verification). Done in the 5.0.0 change.
+5. **Deployment** — nginx routes, static build, systemd unit, verification in
+   `scripts/deploy.sh`. Done in the 5.0.0 change.
+
+## Browser contract
+
+Browser → gateway:
+
+```json
+{"type":"command","command":{"Login":{"user":"alice","credential":"<sha256 hex>"}}}
+{"type":"command","command":{"Play":{"game":"crash","bet":10}}}
+{"type":"command","command":"Start"}
+{"type":"ping"}
+```
+
+`Command` uses serde's external tagging because several variants carry a
+primitive or a string. Unit variants are bare strings (`"Spin"`, `"Start"`).
+
+Gateway → browser:
+
+```json
+{"type":"hello","version":"5.0.0","grace_seconds":60,"user":"alice","time":1700000000000}
+{"type":"view","view":{"screen":"lobby", "...": "..."}}
+{"type":"notice","text":"Logged in as alice"}
+{"type":"error","text":"Upstream connection failed: ..."}
+{"type":"replaced"}
+{"type":"pong"}
+```
+
+`View` is internally tagged by `screen` (`lobby`, `history`, `slots`,
+`roulette`, `blackjack`, `crash`). The browser renders each screen; it never
+computes a result.
+
+The cookie is `zagan_session`, HttpOnly, SameSite=Strict, Secure on HTTPS. It
+is set on the WebSocket handshake. It covers refresh and the grace window only;
+there is no remember-me.
+
+## Build and run
+
+```sh
+# static app
+cd web/play
+npm ci
+npm run build          # writes app.js; commit it
+
+# gateway
+cargo build -p zagan-bet-webd --release
+ZAGAN_UPSTREAM=127.0.0.1:11525 \
+ZAGAN_UPSTREAM_FINGERPRINT=<64 hex> \
+ZAGAN_WEB_ORIGIN=https://zagan.2137697.xyz \
+ZAGAN_WEB_BIND=127.0.0.1:8890 \
+target/release/zagan-bet-webd
+```
+
+The fingerprint is the same SPKI SHA-256 the desktop client shows:
+
+```sh
+openssl x509 -in cert.pem -pubkey -noout \
+  | openssl pkey -pubin -outform DER \
+  | sha256sum
+```
+
+Test against a staging site with
+`ZAGAN_WEB_ORIGIN=http://127.0.0.1:8899 ZAGAN_WEB_COOKIE_SECURE=0`.
+
+## Security boundaries
+
+- The gateway binds loopback. nginx terminates TLS and is the only public
+  entry. Do not expose `ZAGAN_WEB_BIND` to the internet.
+- The upstream key is pinned; there is no TOFU and no unsafe mode. A mismatch
+  logs both fingerprints and refuses credentials.
+- The browser has no certificate UI and no credential storage. XSS cannot read
+  the HttpOnly cookie; the backend still must escape every notice.
+- The browser speaks JSON, not the game wire. A malicious page cannot use the
+  gateway as a protocol proxy: `Origin` is checked and the session cookie is
+  SameSite=Strict.
+- The web app is play-money only. No deposits, withdrawals, KYC or real-money
+  claims belong in v1 copy.
+
+## Failure behaviour
+
+| Event | Result |
+| --- | --- |
+| Refresh / new tab, within grace | Same `ClientCore`, current `View` restored |
+| New tab, same cookie | Old tab gets `replaced` and closes; new tab continues |
+| Socket closed, grace expires | Upstream closes; server forfeits live hand |
+| Gateway restart | Sessions lost; players log in again |
+| Upstream disconnect | Browser gets an error, core resets, reconnect attempts |
+| Browser retry of a request | Gateway does not retry; request ids are per connection |
+
+## Verification
+
+- `cargo test --workspace` covers frames, envelope parsing, idempotent replay,
+  commit verification, ticks, core routing and session JSON.
+- `web/play`: `npm run typecheck` and `npm run build`.
+- Manual WS smoke test: connect, login, play slots/crash, refresh in a live
+  crash round, verify the revealed seed.
+- `scripts/deploy.sh` checks `/play/`, `app.js`, `style.css` and the existing
+  download feed.
diff --git a/docs/adr/0001-gui-frontend-architecture.md b/docs/adr/0001-gui-frontend-architecture.md
index 44dca32..e4dd5ac 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0001-gui-frontend-architecture.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0001-gui-frontend-architecture.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # 0001 — GUI is a second frontend over a shared core
 
-Status: accepted, 2026-11-01
+Status: accepted, 2026-11-01; the "no browser" constraint is superseded by
+[0003](0003-web-gateway.md), which adds a browser frontend through a gateway.
 
 ## Context
 
diff --git a/docs/adr/0003-web-gateway.md b/docs/adr/0003-web-gateway.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5337e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/adr/0003-web-gateway.md
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# 0003 — Browser frontend through a server-side gateway
+
+Status: accepted, 2026-11-08
+
+## Context
+
+The game already runs over TLS/TCP with a newline-delimited text protocol. A
+browser cannot open a TCP socket, and putting game rules into JavaScript would
+create a second implementation of payout, session and forfeit logic — exactly
+what the project forbids.
+
+The site must stay a website in the ordinary sense: open `zagan.bet`, log in,
+play. Nothing to install. Balances are play credits; there are no deposits,
+withdrawals or KYC in this decision.
+
+## Decision
+
+1. **The browser is a third frontend over `ClientCore`.** It sends `Command`
+   JSON and renders `View` JSON. It contains no rules, no wire-protocol parser
+   and no balance arithmetic.
+2. **A Rust gateway, `webd/`, owns each session.** One blocking thread per
+   browser session, one `ClientCore`, and one ordinary client TLS connection
+   upstream. The existing `client::transport` and `ClientCore` are reused. No
+   async runtime and no new concurrency style.
+3. **`webd/` is a separate workspace member.** Like `gui/`, its dependencies
+   (tungstenite, HTTP cookie handling) must never enter the TUI, GUI or server
+   build graph.
+4. **Everything is same-origin and operator-configured.** nginx terminates
+   TLS, serves the static app at `/play/`, and proxies `/ws` to the gateway on
+   loopback. The browser never sees a certificate, there is no CORS, and the
+   upstream address (`ZAGAN_UPSTREAM`, default `127.0.0.1:11525`) and SPKI
+   fingerprint (`ZAGAN_UPSTREAM_FINGERPRINT`, required) are gateway config.
+   A mismatch refuses to connect and logs both fingerprints. There is no TOFU
+   and no unsafe mode for the upstream leg.
+5. **Session-only authentication.** Log in per visit. The gateway issues a
+   random HttpOnly, SameSite=Strict, Secure session cookie; the cookie covers a
+   refresh and the grace window only. No credential is stored in the browser or
+   in the gateway. A new connection with the same cookie takes over the session
+   and the old socket is told it was replaced.
+6. **60-second grace window.** When the last browser socket for a session
+   closes, the session thread keeps the upstream connection and `ClientCore`
+   alive for 60 seconds (configurable). A reconnecting socket with the same
+   cookie reattaches and immediately receives the current `View`. Expiry closes
+   upstream, and the server forfeits a live hand per the existing disconnect
+   rule. There is no wire-level resume: the gateway, not the browser, holds the
+   TCP connection.
+7. **Vanilla TypeScript + esbuild.** DOM for login, lobby, history and notices;
+   one canvas for the game surface. No framework runtime. Theme tokens are
+   reused from the desktop palette; felt green is reserved for roulette.
+8. **Web v1 has full parity after trust.** Register, log in, lobby, all four
+   games, history, log out, notices, refresh grace. The connect/trust screens
+   do not exist in the browser because the gateway owns the upstream key.
+
+## Consequences
+
+- One implementation of the rules and parsers remains authoritative, and the
+  TUI/GUI/gateway all exercise the same `ClientCore` tests.
+- The gateway becomes an operational component: it needs a service unit,
+  deployment, logging, a required upstream fingerprint, and a restart story.
+  A gateway restart loses live sessions and therefore forfeits their rounds;
+  this is accepted for v1.
+- The browser cannot recover from a gateway crash by itself. The player logs in
+  again.
+- A 60-second grace window means a live round can outlive a refresh, but not a
+  closed laptop for a minute and a half.
+- WebSocket frames are same-origin JSON, so the page cannot be used as an open
+  proxy by another origin. The gateway also checks the `Origin` header against
+  `ZAGAN_WEB_ORIGIN`.
+- The web app is play-money only. Adding payments later would be a separate
+  product and compliance decision, not a UI change.
+
+## Alternatives considered
+
+- **WASM `ClientCore` in the browser, dumb relay**: reuses Rust in the page,
+  but needs transport, TOFU and credential shims in wasm and a multi-megabyte
+  download for every player. Rejected.
+- **JavaScript rewrite speaking the game protocol**: fastest UI iteration, but
+  a second implementation of rules and payout invariants. Rejected.
+- **Tokio/axum gateway**: idiomatic WebSocket server, but a large async tree
+  and a second concurrency style for one blocking, low-traffic product.
+  Rejected.
+- **Long-lived remember-me in the gateway**: better return visits, but a new
+  credential store and revocation flow. Deferred; session-only first.
+- **Protocol-level resume tokens**: survives a gateway restart, but is a wire
+  change and more state on the server. Deferred.
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+# 0004 — Protocol v5: frames, envelopes, time and commit–reveal
+
+Status: accepted, 2026-11-08
+
+## Context
+
+The current wire is newline-delimited text over TLS. It has served the TUI and
+GUI well, but four problems are now worth fixing before a browser gateway is
+built on top:
+
+- `LineBuffer` grows without bound if a peer never sends a newline, and there
+  is no explicit maximum message size.
+- A reply is assumed to answer the request that is currently pending. A late
+  reply, a retry or a second in-flight request can clobber state.
+- There is no idempotency: a gateway retry after a timeout can charge a bet
+  twice.
+- The crash multiplier is anchored to each frontend's local clock, and the
+  crash point is only "trust the server".
+
+The web gateway makes the first three worse (it retries and multiplexes) and
+the browser makes the fourth visible (a page and the desktop can disagree).
+
+## Decision
+
+This is one wire change and one `MAJOR` release (`5.0.0`); there is no
+compatibility mode.
+
+### Framing
+
+- Every packet is `[u32 length][payload]`, length big-endian.
+- `payload` is UTF-8 text, at most 64 KiB. A larger declared length is a
+  protocol error and the connection closes; buffers never grow past one frame.
+- The payload has no trailing newline.
+
+### Envelope
+
+- `REQ <id> [idem=<token>] <command>` — client request. `<id>` is a `u64`
+  chosen by the client, monotonically increasing on the connection.
+- `RES <id> <body>` — the reply to that request.
+- `EVT <seq> <body>` — a server-initiated event. `<seq>` is a `u64`,
+  incremented once per event on the connection.
+
+The existing text grammar is the `<command>` and `<body>`; `HELLO 5.0.0`,
+`PLAY_START crash 50`, `GAME_RESULT ...` keep their meaning.
+
+`HELLO` is the first framed request. The server ignores every other command
+before a successful handshake. The reply is
+`HELLO <version> latest=<v> url=<url> time=<unix_ms>`.
+
+### Correlation and idempotency
+
+- The client keeps a request id until its `RES` arrives. Replies are routed by
+  id, never by "the next line".
+- The server keeps a bounded 256-entry FIFO of `(id, payload, reply)` on each
+  connection. A repeated id with the same payload returns the stored reply
+  without executing the command again. A repeated id with a different payload
+  returns `ERROR Request id reused with a different command`.
+- The cache is per connection and in memory. A reconnect is a new game session
+  by design; durable idempotency is deferred.
+- `idem=<token>` is optional metadata for logs and for a future cross-
+  connection cache. The request id is the cache key.
+
+### Clock and ticks
+
+- `HELLO` and `PONG` carry the server's Unix time in milliseconds. `PING`
+  replies `PONG <unix_ms>`.
+- Clients keep an offset between server time and their own clock. The offset is
+  for display and interpolation only; the server clock settles a cash-out.
+- A crash start carries `started_at=<unix_ms>` and `commit=<hex>`.
+- While a crash round runs, the server pushes at most one
+  `EVT <seq> crash.tick session=<id> t=<unix_ms> m=<multiplier>` per 100 ms.
+  The client interpolates between ticks and may keep rendering locally.
+- `CRASH_BUSTED` remains an event, now with the reveal attached.
+
+### Commit–reveal crash
+
+- At round start the server draws 32 random bytes as the round seed and sends
+  `commit = sha256(seed)` in hex. It also sends the crash point's start time.
+- The crash point is a pure function of the seed:
+  `u = u64_be(seed[0..8]) / 2^64`, then
+  `crash_point_from_uniform(u)`. The seed never reaches the client before the
+  round ends.
+- When the round ends (`CRASH_STATE` after cash-out, or `CRASH_BUSTED`), the
+  server includes `seed=<hex>`. A client verifies `sha256(seed) == commit` and
+  recomputes the crash point. The UI can show "verified".
+- This proves the crash point was fixed before the player acted. It does not
+  prove the seed was not ground to a favourable value; a hash chain with client
+  entropy is the documented next step if that matters.
+
+## Consequences
+
+- The TUI, GUI, server and gateway all move to v5 together; a v4 peer is
+  refused at `HELLO`.
+- `LineBuffer` is replaced by a bounded `FrameBuffer`. Existing newline-based
+  tests and helpers are rewritten around frames.
+- `ClientCore` allocates request ids and routes replies by id. Its `Effect`
+  carries the id, so an adapter writes the envelope and hands the `RES` back
+  with the same id.
+- Crash rendering can be smoother and consistent across frontends, and the
+  crash result is independently checkable from the revealed seed.
+- The per-connection cache is deliberately small and forgets on reconnect; a
+  retry after a reconnect is a new action, not a replay.
+
+## Alternatives considered
+
+- **JSON or binary frames**: cleaner types or smaller payloads, but a rewrite
+  of every parser for no scale need. Text inside a bounded frame keeps logs
+  readable and the change small.
+- **Newline-delimited frames with a maximum line length**: still needs a
+  separate envelope and does not bound the buffer as cleanly; a declared length
+  is simpler.
+- **Durable idempotency keyed by `(user, idem)`**: survives reconnects, but the
+  gateway owns retries on one connection and a reconnect is a fresh session.
+  Deferred.
+- **Server seed plus client seed without a commit round-trip**: the server
+  sees the client seed before committing and can bias the pair; a half-measure
+  is worse than an honest per-round commitment.
+- **Hash-chain epoch**: stronger anti-grinding, but requires persistent chain
+  state and a restart story. Deferred.